UK MPs will be asked to vote on Brexit again in early June whether or not the government and Labour have reached a deal, Downing Street has said.
A spokesman said a vote on the bill that would pave the way for Brexit was "imperative" if the UK was to leave the EU before MPs' summer recess.
However, this would not amount to a fourth so-called meaningful vote on the PM's Withdrawal Agreement itself.
Labour sources say they will not back the bill without a cross-party deal, according to a BBC report Wednesday.
Attempts to find a cross-party compromise began after the PM's Brexit deal was rejected three times by MPs.
The BBC's political correspondent Iain Watson said bringing Withdrawal Agreement Bill forward would allow the prime minister to push ahead with her ambition of delivering Brexit before the summer, despite the lack of agreement so far in the cross-party talks.
He added that the proposed timetable nevertheless would allow "more space and more time" for the talks to continue.
The prime minister and Mr Corbyn met on Tuesday evening to discuss the ongoing talks.
Number 10 described the discussions as "both useful and constructive".
A spokesman said Theresa May had made clear the government's "determination to bring the talks to a conclusion and deliver on the referendum result to leave the EU".
A Labour party spokesman said Mr Corbyn had "raised doubts over the credibility of government commitments, following statements by Conservative MPs and cabinet ministers seeking to replace the prime minister".
He also said the Labour leader had called for "further movement" from the government and that the prime minister's team had agreed to bring back "further proposals tomorrow".
However, Brexit Secretary Steve Barclay said: "It is now time for Parliament to make a decision, reflecting the manifestos of both the Conservative and Labour parties at the last general election and to deliver Brexit in the way that the public were promised."
In the 2017 general election, the two main parties promised in their manifestos to respect the result of the Brexit referendum.
Brexiteer and Conservative MP Steve Baker said bringing the bill forward "over the heads" of DUP MPs - on whom the government relies for a majority - would "eradicate the government's majority".
"What is the government thinking?" he asked.
And DUP Westminster leader Nigel Dodds said: "If the prime minister brings the withdrawal bill to the Commons for a vote, the question will be, 'What has changed?'
"Unless she can demonstrate something new that addresses the problem of the backstop, then it is highly likely her deal will go down to defeat once again."
The backstop is the controversial part of the withdrawal deal that aims at ensuring an open border on the island of Ireland if the UK leaves the EU without securing an all-encompassing deal.
If the bill is introduced in the first week of June it will come seven days after the European Parliament elections - which Education Secretary Damian Hinds has acknowledged could be "difficult" for the Conservatives.
A state visit by US President Donald Trump and a by-election in Peterborough will also take place that same week.
What is the Withdrawal Agreement Bill?
The UK needs to pass a law to implement the withdrawal agreement - the part of the PM's Brexit deal which will take the country out of the EU - in UK law.
This is a requirement under the terms of previous Brexit legislation passed last year.
The legislation would make the citizens' rights part of the agreement directly enforceable in UK courts, and set their relationship with the EU's Court of Justice.
It will also allow ministers to make "divorce payments" to the EU foreseen under the current deal, and give effect to the so-called backstop plan for the Irish border.
MPs will be able to vote on amendments to the bill, and this could allow ministers to make good on any compromise they reach with Labour in the cross-party talks.
The cross-party meetings have been going on for weeks with little sign of progress, and last week Mr Corbyn said talks were "difficult" because the government was "disintegrating".
Foreign Secretary Jeremy Hunt said a compromise was not impossible but talks could not continue "indefinitely".
This latest announcement came as Conservative MPs wrote to Mrs May urging her not to agree a deal with Labour that included a customs union.
The letter has been signed by 13 former Tory cabinet ministers and Sir Graham Brady, chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee.
Labour have called for a permanent and comprehensive customs union with the EU after Brexit, meaning there would be no internal tariffs (taxes) on goods sold between the UK and the rest of the bloc.
But it would mean the UK could not negotiate its own trade deals on goods with other countries around the world, something many Brexit-supporting Tory MPs support.