Australia's threat to jail citizens returning home from India has sparked condemnation, with critics labelling the Covid measure as "racist" and a breach of human rights.
From Monday, any Australian arriving in the country from India faces fines and up to five years in prison.
It comes after Canberra banned all flights from the virus hotspot until 15 May, reports the BBC.
Prime Minister Scott Morrison has dismissed accusations of racism.
"The same accusations were made against the government over a year ago when we closed the borders to mainland China," he told Sydney radio station 2GB.
"There's no politics or ideology in a pandemic... It's got nothing to do with politics, this is a virus."
The policy marks the first time Australians have been criminalised for returning to their country, local media reported.
There are an estimated 9,000 Australians in India, 600 of whom are classed as vulnerable.
The government said the measures, which were announced on Saturday, are based on medical advice aimed at protecting the community. The virus is surging in India, with daily cases in the country topping 300,000 for 10 consecutive days.
Officials said an increase in infection rates seen in Indian arrivals over the past fortnight has raised concerns. Australia has pursued a Covid elimination strategy - partly through strict border controls and mandatory quarantine - which has seen it record 910 deaths, far fewer than many other countries.
Foreign Minister Marise Payne said India arrivals accounted for 57 per cent of positive cases in quarantine, up from 10 per cent in March.
She said this placed a "very, very significant burden on health and medical services".
However critics - among them medical experts and legal groups - argue the government's move to criminalise Indian arrivals was extreme and disproportionate to the health risks.
Federal Greens Senator Mehreen Faruqi wrote on Twitter that the measures were "absolutely horrific and racist".
Prominent conservative media commentator Andrew Bolt said the policy was "so mean and irrational that I must also blame racism".
"I can't believe we would impose such a travel ban on white Australians fleeing, from, say England."
Australia's former Race Discrimination Commissioner Tim Soutphommasane pointed out the "inconsistency" in the government's policy, noting bans and criminal penalties weren't imposed on Australians returning from other nations at the height of their Covid waves.
"We didn't see differential treatment being extended to... the United States, the UK, and any European country even though the rates of infection were very high and the danger of arrivals from those countries was very high," he told the Sydney Morning Herald newspaper.
"There are different standards at play here depending on which part of the world you're coming from."
Members of the Indian-Australian community, which makes up about 2.6 per cent of the population, have expressed anger over the sudden ban. Some have told the BBC they feel they are being treated like criminals and "second-class citizens" for wishing to flee danger.
Legal experts have also raised concerns that the temporary ban violates international law. That includes the right for citizens to not be arbitrarily deprived entry to their country - recognised in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, to which Australia is signatory.
The Australian Human Rights Commission said in a statement: "The Government must show that these measures are not discriminatory and are the only suitable way of dealing with the threat to public health."
Quarantine concerns
The situation in India has also put renewed focus on Australia's quarantine system, which has seen more than a dozen infection leaks since November.
The country has successfully operated a policy of mandatory, 14-day quarantine for all international arrivals - mostly conducted in hotels.
But the government said the spike in positive cases from India now threatened to overwhelm its quarantine system, which has capacity to handle a maximum limit of 2 per cent of arrivals being infected.
The Australian Medical Association, the nation's peak medical group, said the need to pause Indian arrivals was an indication of the "frailty" of the quarantine system.
"We would rather our governments focus on fixing the quarantine system and bring Australians home, rather than extend this ban any longer than it needs to be."