Major global threats - including the Covid-19 pandemic, climate change, and rising inequality - call for large-scale concerted action. The challenge facing policymakers today is to support big structural transformations that can make economies simultaneously more productive, more inclusive, and less carbon-intensive. Public development banks (PDBs) - at the local, national, subregional, regional, or interregional level - are key to helping governments finance a rapid recovery from the Covid-19 crisis, and to ensuring that economies serve people and the planet far better in the long run.
In providing direct public financing and mobilising private finance, PDBs should select and support long-term productive investments, including those that emphasise low-carbon projects, as well as those benefiting poorer regions and populations. And they should base their selection on criteria that put development impact first, with financial returns an important but secondary objective.
The role of PDBs will be the focus of an important research conference (on November 9-10) as part of the first Finance in Common Summit. This summit, which has the backing of French President Emmanuel Macron, United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres, and International Monetary Fund Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva, will bring together heads of state and the chief executives of many of the world's 450 existing PDBs.
At stake is nothing less than changing the way that financial services support the real economy in order to achieve more equitable and sustainable growth. PDBs can be crucial actors in that effort, including by financing the provision of public goods.
The international research prepared for the conference contains numerous recommendations to help decision-makers promote sustainable and inclusive structural transformation. Achieving these aims is a difficult but crucial task, and the researchers highlight several conditions that could enable PDBs to play a vital role.
First, governments should ensure that existing PDBs have sufficient scale to perform their functions. Given the Covid-19 crisis, regional and subregional multilateral development banks in particular urgently need significant new capitalization. National development banks also need additional capital. Countries without a PDB, meanwhile, should seriously consider establishing one.
Next, most PDBs need to improve the analytical tools they use to monitor and evaluate the impacts of their financing. These banks' safeguards, including on investments' environmental impact, are valuable. But they must do more to incorporate the imperative of the transition to equitable, low-carbon, and resilient economies into all financing decisions and project stages. As the saying goes, "What gets measured gets managed."
Third, PDBs should aim to shape the future, and move from being mere "project-takers" to "project-makers." Once they have defined goals - climate action, for example - they must play a proactive, first-mover role to help overcome uncertainties and risks, and define missions, programs, and projects.
As a fourth priority, PDBs should do more to combine their resources with those of the private sector, and help to mobilise commercial financing for projects that the market alone often will not fund. These include mitigating climate change, promoting innovation, building infrastructure, financing small businesses, and providing affordable housing. Such an approach can bring all actors together to maximise impact in the context of sustainable development objectives.
Fifth, financial regulators should consider tailoring their prudential rules to account for specific features of PDBs' contributions to development, and to encourage investments that mitigate climate change, because this will also improve future financial stability.
Sixth, PDBs should build a united, global coalition committed to the transition to equitable and sustainable development and the fulfilment of the Paris climate agreement. It is essential to go beyond isolated initiatives and tackle problems on a global scale. Improved cooperation among multilateral and national development banks is crucial, and will also secure better access to the international system of grants and global funds.
Finally, maximising PDBs' effects on development requires them to focus on the real economy and invest in innovative, high-impact projects. Although PDBs mainly extend loans, guarantees may play a useful role in managing financial risk in times of high uncertainty such as now. And for innovative, high-risk technology projects with potentially high development and profit potential, PDBs should consider using more equity instruments in order to capture upside gains.
Policies and counter-cyclical financing to support recovery should be more explicitly aligned with the UN Sustainable Development Goals, with priority given to supporting equitable development and climate-change mitigation and adaptation. Governments should enhance PDBs' roles in supporting countries and regions that lag behind, by promoting innovation and structural transformation, funding social development, and increasing financial inclusion, adequate infrastructure, and the provision of global public goods.
With combined assets of more than $11 trillion, PDBs already play a significant role in the global economy. They should now increase their individual and joint activities further, in order to finance infrastructure investment and support the provision of global public goods, especially climate mitigation and adaptation. A fair and green global recovery urgently needs all the help we can muster.
Stephany Griffith-Jones is Emeritus Fellow at the Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex. Régis Marodon is Special Adviser on Sustainable Finance at the French Development Agency. José Antonio Ocampo is a former finance minister of Colombia and a professor at Columbia University. Jiajun Xu is Executive Deputy Dean of Peking University's Institute of New Structural Economics.
Copyright: Project Syndicate, 2020.
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