On a busy downtown street three delivery bikes suddenly dart over the pedestrian crossing ahead of the car. On the car's dashboard they look like small 3D blue blocks from a 1990s video game.
The steering wheel turns itself a notch and the vehicle slows to a gentle halt, while the safety driver looks on from the passenger seat.
The vehicle is one of a hundred sensor-laden robotaxis belonging to start up DeepRoute.ai cruising the dense central Futian business district in China's southern tech hub Shenzhen, giving 50,000 trial rides to passengers in the last year.
While the United States is regarded as taking an early lead in testing autonomous vehicle (AV) technology, in Shenzhen the industry appears to be changing gears, with trial robotaxis fast becoming a common sight.
Baidu Inc's Apollo unit, Toyota Motor Corp-backed Pony, Nissan-backed Weride, Alibaba-backed Auto X and Deeproute have all been running trials navigating the city's difficult environment, with frequent jaywalkers and ubiquitous e-scooters.
Shenzhen, a city of 18 million, has now brought in China's clearest AV regulations. From Monday registered AVs will be allowed to operate without a driver in the driving seat across a broad swath of the city, but a driver must still be present in the vehicle.
So far, Chinese cities have allowed robotaxis to operate on a more limited basis with permission of local authorities, but Shenzhen's regulations for the first time provide a crucial framework for liability in the event of an accident.
If the AV has a driver behind the wheel, the driver will be liable in an accident. If the car is completely driverless, the owner of the vehicle will be responsible. If a defect causes an accident, the car owner can seek compensation from the manufacturer.
"If you want more cars, eventually there will be accidents, so these regulations are very important for mass deployment," said Maxwell Zhou, DeepRoute's CEO, speaking at the company's offices in a tech park near the Hong Kong border.
"This is not true driverless but it's a big milestone."
GEAR SHIFT
So far the United States has raced ahead in AV trials, with California greenlighting public-road tests from 2014, allowing Alphabet Inc's Waymo LLC, Cruise and Tesla to rack up millions of miles in road testing.
But China has its foot on the accelerator, with Beijing making AV a key area in its latest five-year plan. Shenzhen wants its smart vehicle industry to reach revenues of 200 billion yuan by 2025.
In May last year, Cruise Chief Executive Dan Amann warned President Joe Biden that US safety regulations risked the country's AV industry falling behind China, with the latter's "top down, centrally directed approach".
Deeproute aims to have 1,000 robotaxis with safety drivers on Shenzhen's roads in the next few years, when more detailed regulations are expected.
But in a city with a state-owned fleet of 22,000 electric taxis from Shenzhen-based BYD, where a 20-km (12-mile) trip costs about 60 yuan ($9), production costs for AVs will need to come down before robotaxis are commercially viable, Zhou said.
Deeproute and other robotaxi companies are banking on mass production to lower costs and gather data. Deeproute sells its driving solutions to carmarkers for around $3,000.
Zhou looks to Shenzhen's DJI Technology Co as a role model, with the company utilising lower hardware costs and integrated supply chains to make it the dominant player in the commercial drone space worldwide.
On July 21 Baidu announced a new AV with a detachable steering wheel it will use for robotaxis next year, at 250,000 yuan a unit, almost half the price of its previous generation.
"We are moving towards a future where taking a robotaxi will be half the cost of taking a taxi today," Baidu's chief executive Robin Li said at the Baidu World conference.
FROGS IN A WELL
Shenzhen's supply chain and lower costs give it a major production advantage over Silicon Valley, but AV solution maker David Chang does not want to be constrained to one market.
"In Shenzhen the capital cost is one third to California, because we have the battery suppliers, we have the sensors, we have most of the integration," said the CEO and founder of Shenzhen-based Whale Dynamic.
"But the revenue is one twelfth to California, so it might not be a fancy business to do," he said.
Deeproute, Weride and Pony.ai also have offices in Silicon Valley, with R&D teams and testing in both locations.
"We don't want to shrink ourselves into a well and fight with other frogs. We want to jump out of that well," said Chang.