US President Donald Trump is using economic warfare to pursue his foreign-policy objectives. In August, his administration announced that it would double tariffs on steel and aluminum imports from Turkey, in order to pressure the Turkish authorities to release an American pastor detained for two years on espionage charges. At the beginning of next month, the United States will also ratchet up unilateral sanctions against Iran.
The Trump administration knows that a key source of US economic leverage is the dollar's role as the world's dominant reserve currency. Countering America's disproportionate power to destabilise the global economy thus requires reducing the share of international trade conducted in dollars. Can the euro serve as a credible alternative?
The euro is the world's second-leading currency, but it still lags far behind the US dollar. Two-thirds of all loans issued by local banks in foreign currencies are denominated in dollars, compared to just 20 per cent in euros. Similar proportions apply to global foreign-exchange reserves.
European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker is eager to change this. Last month, he declared it "absurd" that "Europe pays for 80 per cent of its energy import bill - worth €300 billion a year - in US dollars," even though only about 2.0 per cent of the EU's energy imports come from the US. He then called for the euro to become "the instrument of a new, more sovereign Europe," and promised to "present initiatives to strengthen the international role of the euro."
Juncker is not alone among European leaders in recognising how powerful a tool the single currency can be when it comes to projecting power. German Foreign Minister Heiko Maas has proposed that the European Union establish its own international payments system.
But these proposals, while ambitious, may overlook what is really needed to elevate the euro's status. If the euro's role in international trade increased, so would foreign companies' holdings of euro-denominated assets and the total volume of euro-denominated loans. More global trade in euros could lead foreign banking systems to become heavily exposed to the currency.
That means that, in the event of a crisis, the European Central Bank (ECB) would have to take action, much as the US Federal Reserve has done in the past. During the 2008 global financial crisis, the Fed served as de facto global lender of last resort, agreeing to unsecured swap lines not only with reserve-currency central banks like the ECB and the Swiss National Bank, but also with emerging economies like Mexico and Brazil. The goal was to stabilise the global economy, but the liquidity also helped to prevent domestic disturbances from foreign sales of dollar assets and to stop foreign banks from scrambling to buy dollars.
The ECB adopted a much more restrictive approach. In late 2008, it began to provide euros to the central banks of Hungary, Latvia, and Poland, but required them to put up euro-denominated securities as collateral. The ECB wanted to guard its balance sheet against unsecured exposure to Hungarian forint or Polish z?oty. But these countries held too few eligible securities to obtain enough euros under the ECB's initial terms. It took another year for the ECB, under pressure from Austria and other countries, to establish proper swap lines against foreign-currency collateral with the Hungarian and Polish central banks.
Even now, the ECB will provide euro liquidity only to countries considered systemically relevant for the eurozone. This risk-averse approach contrasts with that of the Fed and, more tellingly, with that of the People's Bank of China (PBoC), which in recent years has established an extensive network of swap lines to promote the renminbi's use in trade - and thus its standing as an international currency.
If Juncker's vision is to be realised, the ECB will have to abandon this parochial mindset and adopt a Fed-style role as international lender of last resort. Yet it remains unclear whether the ECB actually would be willing to leave part of its balance sheet exposed to the fate of non-eurozone countries.
The ECB has good reason to be cautious: it lacks a political counterpart akin to the Fed's US Treasury Secretary. With no eurozone finance minister with whom to coordinate in times of crisis, a decision by the ECB to help third countries - even EU countries - could be met with strong resistance. The ECB's reluctance to establish a swap line with Hungary may be a case in point: Hungary was already distancing itself from the EU.
Eventually, the ECB did resolve to do "whatever it takes" to save the euro. But if European leaders want to advance Juncker's vision of strengthening EU sovereignty by boosting the euro's international role, they cannot rely on the ECB to repeat that approach, without proper institutional support.
Instead, eurozone leaders should complete the reforms of the currency union's architecture and provide a political counterpart to the ECB that would support centralised monetary policy. This is the best initial response to Trump's economic attacks. Anything else would be putting the cart before the horse - yet again.
Jochen Andritzky, a former Secretary-General of the German Council of Economic Experts, is a visiting fellow at Bruegel, a Brussels-based think tank.
Copyright: Project Syndicate, 2018.
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