Pfizer Inc and BioNTech SE have started a clinical trial to test a new version of their vaccine specifically designed to target the COVID-19 omicron variant, which has eluded some of the protection provided by the original two-dose vaccine regimen.
Banking on volunteers in the United States, the companies plan to test the immune response generated by the omicron-based vaccine both as a three-shot regimen in unvaccinated people and as a booster shot for people who already received two doses of their original vaccine
They are also testing a fourth dose of the current vaccine against a fourth dose of the omicron-based vaccine in people who received a third dose of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine three to six months earlier.
The companies plan to study the safety and tolerability of the shots in the more than 1,400 people who will be enrolled in the trial, reports Reuters.
"While current research and real-world data show that boosters continue to provide a high level of protection against severe disease and hospitalisation with omicron, we recognise the need to be prepared in the event this protection wanes over time and to potentially help address omicron and new variants in the future," Pfizer's head of vaccine research and development, Kathrin Jansen, said in a statement on Tuesday.
Depending on the amount of clinical trial data required by regulators, it may not be possible to realise a current plan to launch an omicron-targeting vaccine by the end of March, BioNTech said.
Pfizer has said that two doses of the original vaccine may not be sufficient to protect against infection from the omicron variant, and that protection against hospitalisations and deaths may be waning.
Still, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says a third dose of an mRNA vaccine like the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine has provided 90 per cent protection against hospitalisation due to COVID-19.
Some countries have already started offering additional booster doses, but a recent study from Israel showed that while a fourth dose of an mRNA vaccine boosted antibodies, the level was not high enough to prevent infection by the omicron variant.
BioNTech Chief Executive Ugur Sahin told Reuters in November that regulators would likely not require testing of an omicron-based vaccine on humans because it and Pfizer had already created versions of their vaccine to target the earlier Alpha and delta variants, with clinical trials continuing.
However, the debate appears to have shifted with the European Medicines Agency (EMA) saying on Friday that international regulators now preferred clinical studies to be carried out before approval of a new vaccine.
These studies should show that neutralising antibodies in the blood of participants are superior to those elicited by current vaccines. Another desired feature of an upgraded vaccine would be for it to also protect against other variants of concern, the EMA said.
BioNTech declined to comment on what type of data it was asked to file with regulators.
It said an analysis of antibodies elicited by its omicron-targeted booster should help answer whether shots will be needed that address more than one variant at a time. It hopes to show the antibodies neutralise a spectrum of variants.
"If this is the case a mix would not be required," it said, adding that it was generating more data to shed light on the issue.
The European drugs regulator has urged pharmaceutical companies to work on more than one upgraded omicron shot, including versions that address a combination of variants.
The omicron variant has replaced the delta variant as the dominant lineage in many parts of the world and omicron itself is now splitting into different subforms, one of which, BA2, is causing particular concern.