African countries began officially trading under a new continent-wide free trade area on Friday, after months of delays caused by the global coronavirus pandemic.
But experts view the New Year's Day launch as largely symbolic with full implementation of the deal expected to take years.
The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) aims to bring together 1.3 billion people in a $3.4 trillion economic bloc that will be the largest free trade area since the establishment of the World Trade Organization.
Backers say it will boost trade among African neighbours while allowing the continent to develop its own value chains.
The World Bank estimates it could lift tens of millions out of poverty by 2035.
But obstacles - ranging from ubiquitous red tape and poor infrastructure to the entrenched protectionism of some of its members - must be overcome if the bloc is to reach its full potential.
Trade under the AfCFTA was meant to be launched on July 1 but was pushed back after COVID-19 made in-person negotiations impossible.
However, the pandemic also gave the process added impetus, said Silver Ojakol, chief of staff at the AfCFTA's secretariat.
"We saw the impact on our economies of the disruption of imports due to the pandemic," he said. "So there's actually been an increase in political will to boost intra-African integration."
Every African country except Eritrea has signed on to the AfCFTA framework agreement, and 34 have ratified it. But observers such as W. Gyude Moore - a former Liberian minister who is now a senior fellow at the Center for Global Development - say the real work begins now.
"I would be surprised if they can have everything set up within 24 months," he told Reuters. "For long-term success, I think we'll need to look at how long it took Europe. This is a multi-decade process."
'WE MUST START SOMEWHERE'
Historic challenges including Africa's poor road and rail links, political unrest, excessive border bureaucracy and petty corruption will not disappear overnight.
And an annexe to the deal outlining the rules of origin - an essential step for determining which products can be subject to tariffs and duties - has not been completed yet.
Meanwhile, 41 of the zone's 54 member states have submitted tariff reduction schedules.
Members must phase out 90 per cent of tariff lines - over five years for more advanced economies or 10 years for less developed nations. Another 7.0 per cent considered sensitive will get more time, while 3.0 per cent will be allowed to be placed on an exclusion list.
Finalising those schedules and communicating them to businesses must be done quickly, said Ziad Hamoui of Borderless Alliance, a group that campaigns for easier cross-border trade.
But efforts to implement the deal will also likely face resistance from countries' domestic interest groups. Fears of losing out to more competitive neighbours initially made some countries, including West African giant Nigeria, sceptical of the pan-African project.
Still, proponents of the zone are confident that initial steps towards its implementation will already allow member states to double intra-African trade by 2025.
"Economic integration is not an event. It's a process," said the AfCFTA secretariat's Ojakol. "We must start somewhere."